Algunos síntomas de disbiosis

INFERTILITY

Infertility could be associated with a subclinical inflammatory process triggered by the intestinal microbiota that could impact the pregnancy rate.

Gutiérrez G, Azpiroz MA, Mor G, Orguilia L, Palacio MI, Malpartida A, Mayol S. Potential biomarkers of infertility associated with microbiome imbalances. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2021 Oct;86(4):e13438.

MENORRHAGIA, AMENORRHEA AND DYSMENORRHEA

Heavy menstrual bleeding or absence of menstrual cycles could be associated with changes in the gut and vaginal microbiome populations.

Pelzer ES, Willner D, Buttini M, Huygens F. A role for the endometrial microbiome in dysfunctional menstrual bleeding. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2018 Jun;111(6):933-943.

RECURRENT URINARY AND VAGINAL INFECTIONS

Secretory IgA plays an important role in maintaining the relationship with the microbiota. Emerging data suggest that intestinal and vaginal dysbiosis may affect levels of secretory IgA, leading to colonization of pathogenic bacteria that can cause recurrent mucosal infections.

Meštrović T, Matijašić M, Perić M, Čipčić Paljetak H, Barešić A, Verbanac D. The Role of Gut, Vaginal, and Urinary Microbiome in Urinary Tract Infections: From Bench to Bedside. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020 Dec 22;11(1):7.

CONSTIPATION

Patients with signs of constipation often have a significantly different intestinal bacterial composition than healthy people, with higher levels of methane-producing bacteria, which slows intestinal transit.

Singh R, Zogg H, Wei L, Bartlett A, Ghoshal UC, Rajender S, Ro S. Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Dysmotility and Metabolic Disorders. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 Jan 30;27(1):19-34.

MIGRAINES

Migraine patients have been shown to have lower biodiversity in the gut microbiota and a selection of bacteria that generate inflammatory markers with impact on the central nervous system.

Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review. Arzani M, Jahromi SR, Ghorbani Z, Vahabizad F, Martelletti P, Ghaemi A, Sacco S, Togha M; J Headache Pain.2020

AUTOIMMUNITY

The lack of microbiome species causes the intestinal barrier to lose control over the passage of microbiome components and food into the bloodstream. Immune cells respond to them by creating antibodies that end up recognizing similar molecular structures in human tissues. The availability of modern high-throughput technologies has greatly advanced our ability to sequence the microbiome and has demonstrated varying degrees of dysbiosis in numerous autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and autoimmune liver disease.

Gut Microbiota, Leaky Gut, and Autoimmune Diseases. Christovich A, Luo XM. Front Immunol. 2022

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

The main functional disorder associated with an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota is irritable bowel syndrome (or irritable colon). There is evidence linking it to a decrease in the number of bacterial species or biodiversity.

Intestinal microbiome-gut-brain axis and irritable bowel syndrome. Moser G, Fournier C, Peter J.

Wien Med Wochenschr. 2018

M, Camilleri M. Irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet. 2020

ENDOMETRITIS AND ENDOMETRIOSIS

The inflammatory process leading to endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain may be associated with an imbalance of the microbiota in the intestinal and reproductive organs. Also, recent evidence and hypotheses have suggested the active role played by microbial infections in the subclinical genitalia in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. Therefore, we can foresee a direct relationship between a higher prenatal exposure to estrogens or estrogenic compounds as endocrine disruptors (phthalates, bisphenols, organochlorine pesticides and others) associated with a shorter anogenital distance that could favor frequent postnatal episodes of fecal microbiota contamination of the vulva and vagina, producing a dysbiosis of the cervicovaginal microbiota. This relationship would alter the local antimicrobial defenses, subverting the state of homeostasis and inducing an endometrial inflammatory response (endometritis) that could evolve into sustained immune dysregulation, closing the vicious circle responsible for the development of endometriosis.

Salliss ME, Farland LV, Mahnert ND, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. The role of gut and genital microbiota and the estrobolome in endometriosis, infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Hum Reprod Update. 2021 Oct 27

García-Peñarrubia P, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Martínez-Esparza M, Marín P, Machado-Linde F. Hypothetical roadmap towards endometriosis: prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical pollutant exposure, anogenital distance, gut-genital microbiota and subclinical infections. Hum Reprod Update. 2020

CELIAC DISEASE

Recent data show that changes in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome are related to chronic inflammatory diseases such as Celiac Disease. Not only has it been shown that the microbiota of celiac individuals is different from that of healthy individuals, but also that the microbiota of celiac individuals metabolizes gluten into smaller peptides that are able to cross the intestinal wall and therefore have a greater ability to activate the immune system and therefore greater intolerance.

Valitutti F, Cucchiara S, Fasano A. Celiac Disease and the Microbiome. Nutrients. 2019 Oct 8;11(10):2403.

HYPOTHYROIDISM AND AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS (HASHIMOTO'S)

Thyroid hormone level is very important for fertility, and imbalances in the microbiota are known to be associated with the development of thyroid autoimmunity and irregular absorption of levothyroxine in the treatment of patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The health of our gut microbiota is associated with the health status of our thyroid. People with thyroid autoimmune diseases, such as thyroiditis, Hashimoto's disease and severe, showed that they showed imbalances of their gut microbiota.

Knezevic J, Starchl C, Tmava Berisha A, Amrein K. Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function? Nutrients. 2020 Jun 12;12(6):1769.

Gut microbiota and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Virili C, Fallahi P, Antonelli A, Benvenga S, Centanni M.

Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2018

POLYCYSTIC OVARY

Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome have less diversity of bacteria in their gut flora, which secondarily alters mucosal immune system function and metabolic response.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis in polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanisms of progression and clinical applications. Sun Y, Gao S, Ye C, Zhao W. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023

A New Approach to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Gut Microbiota. Yurtdaş G, Akdevelioğlu Y.J Am Coll Nutr. 2020

DYSLIPIDEMIA

The composition and function of the gut microbiota are dynamic and are affected by dietary properties, such as the amount and composition of lipids. Therefore, dietary lipids can influence host physiology through interaction with the gut microbiota. Lipids affect the intestinal microbiota as well as substrates for bacterial metabolic processes, such as inhibition of bacterial growth by toxic influence. The intestinal microbiota has been shown to affect lipid metabolism and their levels in blood and tissues.

Schoeler M, Caesar R. Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2019 Dec;20(4):461-472.

INSULIN RESISTANCE

The gut microbiome plays an important role in the digestion of different components of the diet, including polysaccharides, their imbalances being associated with alterations such as insulin resistance, markers important inflammatory impact on reproduction.

Changes in the gut microbiota can lead to altered energy metabolism associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gut microbiome-induced breakdown of the intestinal barrier is associated with insulin resistance.

Sharma S, Tripathi P. Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: where we are and where to go? J Nutr Biochem. 2019 Jan;63:101-108.

HYPOVITAMINOSIS D

Metabolism as well as chronically low vitamin D levels have been linked to intestinal dysbiosis.

Vitamin D Deficiency in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Exploring the Triad of Genetic Predisposition, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System. Singh P, Kumar M, Al Khodor S. Front Immunol. 2019 May 10;10:1042.

ABDOMINAL DISTENSION / GASTRITIS

The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract would have an impact on the control of the gastric acid pump, while lactose and glucose intolerance could induce alterations in the intestinal microbiota.

Sgambato D, Miranda A, Romano L, Romano M. Gut microbiota and gastric disease. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2017 Dec;63(4):345-354.

FOOD INTOLERANCES

Individuals genetically susceptible to developing an intolerance to intestinal microflora develop a state of chronic inflammation leading to intolerances to food components.

Nutritional management of lactose intolerance: the importance of diet and food labelling.Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Suez J, Korem T, Zeevi D, Zilberman-Schapira G, Thaiss CA, Maza O, Israeli D, Zmora N, Gilad S, Weinberger A, Kuperman Y, Harmelin A, Kolodkin-Gal I, Shapiro H, Halpern Z, Segal E, Elinav E.Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):181-6

Diet, Gut Microbiome and Epigenetics: Emerging Links with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Prospects for Management and Prevention. Aleksandrova K, Romero-Mosquera B, Hernandez V. Nutrients. 2017 Aug 30;9(9):962

ANEMIA

Lack of nutritional elements such as folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin D can contribute to anemia. Studies carried out in women with iron deficiency indicated that the intestinal microbiota of individuals with anemia is deficient in certain bacterial species.

Long Y, Liang F, Guo R, Zhu C, Zhao X, Wang X, Liu F, Jiang M, Liang Q, Zeng S, Han M, Qin J, Li S, Li S, Yang H. Gut Microbiota Signatures in Gestational Anemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021

SMOKING

Smoking has an effect on the intestinal microbiome and may contribute to the development of intestinal and systemic diseases, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases. The gut microbiome is susceptible to the influence of environmental factors such as smoking, and recent studies have indicated alterations of the microbiome in smokers. Among the mechanisms that have been suggested to explain the effect of smoking on the gut microbiome are: increased oxidative stress, alterations in intestinal tight junctions and intestinal mucin composition, and changes in acid-base balance. Interestingly, some induced alterations of the gut microbiome due to smoking resemble conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and obesity.

Savin Z, Kivity S, Yonath H, Yehuda S. Smoking and the intestinal microbiome. Arch Microbiol. 2018